Robert Hooke performed the first recorded inquiry-driven experiments on mice in 1664, when he investigated the effects of changes in air pressure on respiratory function. Since the 1700s, domesticated mice have been bred and kept as companion animals, and in Victorian England, “fancy” mice were prized for their variations in coat color and comportment these mouse strains were the forerunners to the strains used in the laboratory today. For millennia, mice ( Mus musculus) were considered to be pests due to their propensity to ravenously consume stored foodstuff ( mush in ancient Sanskrit means “to steal” ) and their ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions. The Mouse: From Pest, to Pet, to Predominant Tool in Medical ResearchĪlthough the genetic lineages of mice and humans diverged around 75 million years ago, these two species have evolved to live together, particularly since the development of agriculture. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future of using mice in medical research with regard to ethical and technological considerations. Using specific examples of mouse models of human lung disease, i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, this chapter explores the most salient features of mouse models of human disease and provides a full assessment of the advantages and limitations of these models, focusing on the relevance of disease induction and their ability to replicate critical features of human disease pathophysiology and response to treatment. In this chapter, an in-depth analysis of these similarities and differences is provided to allow researchers to use mouse models of human disease and primary cells derived from these animal models under the most appropriate and meaningful conditions.Īlthough there are considerable differences between mice and humans, particularly regarding genetics, physiology, and immunology, a more thorough understanding of these differences and their effects on the function of the whole organism will provide deeper insights into relevant disease mechanisms and potential drug targets for further clinical investigation. In an apparent suicide, the photographer was found dead with a plastic bag over his head on Novemin Paris, France.The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. In 2016, the photographer was accused of rape by four separate women who had served as former models. Similar to the work of Jock Sturges and Sally Mann, Hamilton’s erotic subject matter caused complaints of indecency over the decades. He published numerous photobooks during his life, The Age of Innocence (1995) being one of his most popular. In 1979, his film Laura was released in France-the movie blends melodrama with soft-core pornography, as wells as Hamilton’s hallmark soft focus. Born on Apin London, United Kingdom, the artist initially found work as an art director, then a commercial photographer in the 1950s and 60s in France. Using a photographic technique akin to painting, he has acknowledged the influence of Lucas Cranach on his style. Often controversial, the images evoke an effect of dreaminess through soft focus and varied grain. David Hamilton was a British photographer and film director known for his nude photographs of adolescent girls.
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